Sunspots – These are also known as solar lentigines. It has a clearly defined edge with an increased number of melanocytes. These are called sunspots because the cause is generally exposure to the harsh UV rays of the sun. Hence, these usually appear around areas that are exposed to sunlight, like the hands and face.

Freckles – These are clusters of slight pigmentation caused by the overproduction of melanin in sun-exposed skin (face, arms, shoulder, etc.). It is commonly seen in people with a fair skin tone, and some people might be genetically predisposed to developing freckles.

Melasma – Melasma is generally more common in older women and some pregnant women. It may be linked to hormonal changes, stress, prolonged sun exposure, family history, etc. Melasma usually appears on the face and can be quite unsightly.

Post-inflammatory hyperpigmentation – PIH sometimes occurs after the skin suffers an injury or inflammation (like acne, eczema, abrasion, chemical burn, etc.).